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R.A.T.S., an acronym for Robot Anti-Terror Squad, was a short-lived robot and vehicle toy-line created by Tomy and released in Europe in the early 1980s. The toyline consisted primarily of recolored robots and vehicles from Starriors, an American toyline also created by Tomy, but also featured additional vehicles not seen in the Starriors line. The primary gimmick of each toy was some example of wind-up automation, such as a rotating weapon or tool, or an electronic automation, such as firing discs or locomotion.

The only backstory for the toys was that which was provided on the packaging itself (in English, French and Italian):

From the depths of space came the enemy battle squadron…hostile hordes of alien robots. Earth was the prize they fought for and Earth was their battleground. But they were not prepared for Earth’s last line of defence… An army created to crush and destroy any invader. They’re the ultimate weapon — the last line of defence of Planet Earth. They’re fierce. They’re mean. They’ll take on anybody …anything! They’re R.A.T.S.! The Robot Anti-Terror Squad.

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This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia’s quality standards. Please improve this article if you can. (December 2008)

Traditional blue jamdani

Jamdani is a fabric of fine cotton muslin of Bengali origin, with colored stripes and patterns. In the first half of the nineteenth century, James Taylor described the figured or flowered jamdani; in the late nineteenth century, T. N. Mukharji referred to this fabric as jamdani muslin. Whether figured or flowered, jamdani is a woven fabric in cotton, and it is undoubtedly one of the varieties of the finest muslin. It has been spoken of as the most artistic textile of the Bangladeshi weaver. Traditionally woven around Dhaka and created on the loom brocade, jamdani is fabulously rich in motifs.

Etymology

The word Jamdani is of Persian origin, from ‘Jam’ meaning flower and ‘Dani’ meaning a vase or a container. The earliest mention of jamdani and its development as an industry is found in Kautikaya (about 3rd century BC), where it is stated that this fine cloth was used in Bangla and Pundra.

Varieties of Jamdani Work

Though mostly used for saris, Jamdani is also used for scarves and handkerchiefs. Jamdani is believed to be a fusion of the ancient cloth-making techniques of Bengal (perhaps 2,000 years old) with the muslins produced by Bengali Muslims since the 14th century. Jamdani is the most expensive product of Dhaka looms since it requires the most lengthy and dedicated work.

Jamdani patterns are mostly of geometric, plant, and floral designs and are said to originate in Persian and Mughal fusion thousands of years ago. Due to the exquisite pain-staking methodology required, only aristocrats and royal families were able to afford such luxuries.

The main pecuiliarity of Jamdani work is the geometric design. The expert weavers do not need to draw the design on paper, but instead work from memory. Jamdanis have different names according to their design (for instance, panna hajar, dubli lala, butidar, tersa, jalar, duria, charkona & many others). Present-day Jamdani saris have on their ground designs of rose, Jasmine, lotus, bunches of bananans, bunches of ginger and sago. A Jamdani with small flowers diapered on the fabric is known as Butidar. If these flowers are arranged in reclined position it is called tersa jamdani. It is not necessary that these designs are made of flowers only. There can be designs with peacocks and leaves of creepers. If such designs cover the entire field of the sari it is called jalar naksha. If the field is ocvered with rows of flowers it is known as fulwar jamdani. Duria Jamdani has designs of spots all over. Belwari jamdani with colorful golden borders used to be made during the Mughal period, especially for the women of the inner court.

There are many shops of jamdani sarees in Mirpur Area at original no. 10 area.

The early History

The earliest mention of the origin of Jamdani and its development as an industry is found in Kautilya’s book of economics (about 300 AD) where it is stated that this fine cloth used to be made in Bengal and Pundra. Its mention is also found in the book of Periplus of the Eritrean Sea and in the accounts of Arab, Chinese and Italian travelers and traders. Four kinds of fine cloth used to be made in Bengal and Pundra in those days, viz khouma, dukul, pattrorna and karpasi. From various historical accounts, folklore and slokas, it may be assumed that very fine fabrics were available in Bengal as far back as the first decade before Christ. Cotton fabrics like dukul and muslin did not develop in a day. Dukul textile appears to have evolved into muslin. Jamdani designs and muslin developed simultaneously. The fine fabric that used to be made at Mosul in Iraq was called mosuli or mosulin In his 9th century book Sril Silat-ut-Tawarikh the Arab geographer Solaiman mentions the fine fabric produced in a state called Rumy, which according to many, is the old name of the territory now known as Bangladesh. In the 14th century, Ibn Batuta profusely praised the quality of cotton textiles of Sonargaon. Towards the end of the 16th century the English traveler Ralph Fitch and historian Abul Fazl also praised the muslin made at Sonargaon.

The Mughal Era

Without any shadow of doubt, it can be said that the jamdani industry of East Bengla reached its zenith during the Moghul era. The art of making jamdani designs on fine fabric reached its zenith during Mughal rule. There were handlooms in almost all villages of the Dhaka district. Dhaka, Sonargaon, Dhamrai, Titabari, Jangalbari and Bajitpur were famous for making superior quality jamdani and muslin. Traders from Europe, Iran, Armenia, as well as Mughal-Pathan traders used to deal in these fabrics. The Mughal Emperor, the Nawab of Bengal and other aristocrats used to engage agents at Dhaka to buy high quality muslin and jamdani for their masters’ use. The golden age of Dhaka muslin began with Mughal rule. Since then the demand for jamdani and muslin fabrics at home and abroad grew and this prompted further improvement in their manufacture. According to 18th century documents of the East India Company, a high official of the company was posted at Dhaka to buy mulmul khas and sarkar-i-ali. He had the designation of Daroga-i-mulmul. Every weaving factory had an office, which maintained records of the best weavers and other exports. Weavers had no fixed salary. They used to be paid the market value of the jamdani or muslin they produced. It was the duty of the Daroga to keep a sharp eye at every stage of production. Mulmul khas worth about Re. 100,000 collected from Dhaka, Sonargaon and Jangalbari used to be sent to the Mughal court every year. According to a 1747 account of muslin export, fabrics worth Re 550,000 were bought for the Emperor of Delhi, the Nawab of Bengal and the famous trader Jagath Sheth. The same year European traders and companies bought muslin worth Re 950,000. Towards the end of the 18th century, the export of muslin suffered a decline. After the English gained Diwani in Bengal in 1765, Company agents resorted to oppressing the weavers for their own gains. They used to dictate prices. If weavers refused to sell their cloth at a lower price they were subjected to repression. To stop this repression the East India Company started buying the textiles directly from the weavers. According to James Wise, Dhaka muslin worth Re 5 million was exported to England in 1787. James Taylor put the figure at Re 3 million. In 1807, the export came down to Re 850,000 and the export completely stopped in 1817. Thereafter muslin used to go to Europe as personal imports.

Changes with time

We do not know exactly when jamdani came to be adorned with floral patterns of the loom. It is, however, certain that in the Mughal period, most likely during the reign of either Emperor Akbar (1556-1605) or Emperor Jahangir (1605-1627), the figured or flowered muslin came to be known as the jamdani. Forbes Watson in his most valuable work titled Textile Manufactures and Costumes of the people of India holds that the figured muslins, because of their complicated designs, were always condidered the most expensive productions of the Dhaka looms.

The designs and colors also changed with time. Originally, the motifs used to be made on gray fabric. Later on fabrics of other colours were also used. In the 1960s, jamdani work on red fabric became very popular. The Victoria and Albert Museum of London has a fine collection of jamdani with work in white on white fabric. The production methods have also changed. Previously, popcorn, rice or barley was used for starch. Before making jamdani, the designers used to dye their yarn and starch it. For dye they used flowers and leaves of creepers. For quality jamdani they used yarn of 200 to 250 counts. These days weavers buy fine yarn from the market and use chemical dyes instead of herbal dyes. Finally, time has also influenced the designs. Keeping up the modern demand, present day jamdani saris have on their ground designs of rose, jasmine, lotus, bunches of bananas, bunches of ginger and sago. Recently, there is a trend of embroidering Jamdanis or putting ‘’paars’’ on saris. However, many traditionalists are vehemently against this trend, claiming this is destroying a tradition.

The decline and Fall

From the middle of the 19th century, there was a gradual decline in the jamdani industry. A number of factors contributed to this decline. Use of machinery in the English textile industry, and the subsequent import of lower quality, but cheaper yarn from Europe, started the decline. Most importantly, the decline of Mughal power in India, deprived the producers of jamdani of their most influential patrons. Villages like Madhurapur and Jangalbari, (both in the Kishoreganj district), once famous for the jamdani industry went into gradual oblivion.

The current problems

At present, a major problem of the industry is that the weavers do not get adequate wages for their labour. According to a national daily, a senior taanti or “ostad” earns about Tk 2,500 to Tk 3,000 per month. Junior weavers get much less, around Tk 1,600. As a result many weavers do not want their children to come to this profession. For many, the garments industry offer a lucrative alternative. A good piece of jamdani sari needs the labour of one to two months, and the wage paid to the weavers does not compensate for their labour. The producers often do not have direct access to sari markets and because of their dependence on the middlemen, who often form informal cartels, they are deprived of their share of profit. Sometimes, the producers fail to recover the costs.

Thankfully, the government and other organizations are trying to revive the old glory of Dhakai Jamdani. In a bid to avoid the middleman they are trying to establish direct contact with the waivers. A Jamdnai Palli has been established near Dhaka. Jamdani, one of the oldest forms of cottage industry in Bangladesh, was once was a dying trade. It was successfully revived due to the pioneering work of entrepreneurs such as Monira Emdad. Tangail Saree Kutir along with other sari stores on Baily Road, strive to support the thousands of weavers of Bangladesh who have struggled to keep this age old tradition and fashion alive. Organizations like Radiant Institute of Design, Shanto Mariam University of creative technology, etc. are helping designers create new Jamdani designs.

External links

• Jamdani’s Struggle to Survive
• Jamdani on Banglapedia

• Tangail Saree Kutir, Baily Road - External Source - 1 , 2 , 3

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Vardenis ????????
Vardenis ????????
Coordinates: 40°10?50?N 45°43?12?E? / ?40.18056°N 45.72°E? / 40.18056; 45.72
Country	Armenia
Marz	Gegharkunik
Established	1830
Population (2008)
- Total	12,363
Time zone	GMT+4 (UTC)
Area code(s)	+374 (269)

Coordinates: 40°10?50?N 45°43?12?E? / ?40.18056°N 45.72°E? / 40.18056; 45.72 Vardenis (Armenian: ????????; anciently, Vasakashen; until 1969 Basarkeç?r). The town of Vardenis occupies the S-E of Gegharkunik province (marz) of the Republic of Armenia. The town is located in the valley of Masrik river, on the territory of Masrik artesian basin. Vardenis is located 170 km away from the capital of Yerevan, 75 km away from the province center of Gavar. The administrative territory of Vardenis comprises 3006ha, of which 736ha is occupied by the town itself. Vardenis got its urban status in 1995.

Geography

Topography

Vardenis is located on the slopes of 82 km range of Vardenis mountains. The highest peak, also named Vardenis, is 3522m. To the N-E, W and S-E of the town there are numerous roads to different parts of Armenia, e.g. to the serpentines of Sotk. The town is also bordered by the range of Sevan mountains.Vardenis is 5 km aways from Lake Sevan and it is directly affected by its proximity.

Geology

The town of Vardenis is situated on the Masrik plain, in the valley of Masrik river. In N it is bordered by Lake Sevan, in E - by Zangezour range, in S-E by Vardenis range. From morphological point of view, Masrik represents an intermontane area filled with fluvial-lacustrian deposits. The major part of the city, i.e. alluvial-proluvial-accumulative plain, is presented by claysands, clays, sands, several subsoils. The S-E part of the town sits on erosion-denudational slopes, presented by slightly eroded, poriferous basalt. On the whole territory of Vardenis there is no active tectonic rifts. The earthquake acceleration vary between 0.28-0.32g. In the city center the acceleration is 0.32g (8.5 magnitude), in the S and S-E parts the magnitude reaches 8.25-8.5.

Mineral Resources

The area of Vardenis is rich in metal and non-metal resources. Gold mine of Sotk is active. There are numerous types of rock used in construction, as well as mines of semi-precious stones. The Zangezur range is comprised of paleogenic granitoids, vulcanic and sedimentary deposits. In general, Syunik region is rich in mineral resources, including stones and metals.

The mineral resources of Vardenis can be classified as follows:

Water Resources

Gegharkunik marz is rich in water resources (surface, ground fresh and mineral waters). Water resources of the whole marz comprise 692.29 thousand m3/day. Water resources of Vardenis area are 247.804 m3/day, of which 114.640 m3/day are subject to use.

To the N of Vardenis there is Masrik river. The whole town is located in the artesian basin of Masrik. The horizon of the ground waters of this artesian basin lies 1.5-5m deep, which together with the horizon of weak pressured waters creates a joint water-bearing horizon. The fluctuations in the water level are between 0.24m and 0.57m, max. in January and July-August, min. in spring and autumn.

Water in Vardenis is supplied by “Akunk”, “Shat Jrer” and “Akner” water-pipe systems. The pipes of inner system and captation are currently in quite poor technical and sanitation condition.

Climate

Vardenis is located 2006m above sea level. The summer is mild, whereas the winter is quite cold, the average winter temperature is – 6⁰C. The winter actually lasts for 6 months, the number of days with temperatures below zero prevail. The winds are weak. The snow falls in November and melts in mid-April. Vardenis is known for high insolation, 2500-2700 hours annually. Precipitation comprises 400-500 mm. Number of blizzard days is 30, of which 13 in January. The summer is short and mild, sunny, relatively humid, with minimal precipitation. Average temperature in July-August is 16⁰C, max. is 31-35⁰C. Max. wind speed detected was 2.5-3.2 m/s. Wind direction in Vardenis and the whole region is stable, Eastern direction prevails during the whole year. The autumn is mild, first half is moderately cloudy, the second half is unstable.Meteorological observations of the town (air temperature, precipitation, atmospheric pressure, relative humidity, absolute humidity, wind direction and speed etc) are implemented by Vardenis-Masrik meteorological stations, established in the 1940s on 1842.7m above sea level.

Nature

Vardenis is situated in the proximity of Sevan National Park, which is very rich in biodiversity.

Historical and Cultural Heritage

khachkars near Surb Astvatsatsin church

The Monument for perished soldiers in the center of Vardenis

Current territory of Vardenis (formerly named Vasakashen, Voskeshen, Basargechar) occupies part of the historic Sotk county of Syunik province. According to the legends, the settlement was founded by Gegham, the grandson of the forefather Hayk and named Geghamabak. According to the historian Ghevond Alishan, Gaburn Vasak, the prince of Syunik, founded a settlement on this territory in IXc AD. which was known as Vasakashen till XVIIc AD. After the fall of the Arshakuni dynasty, the county of Sotk was transferred under protection of the dynasti of Smbatyan, prince of Vaykunk (Tsar) county of Artsakh. During the raids of different nomadic tribes, the settlement was renamed to Basargechar (meaning ‘trodden and passed’, or related to name Basar, presumably of one of the leaders). In the XIXc. there were migrations to Georgia. In 1829—1830, the settlement was re-inhabited by the immigrants from Diadin (Tateon) in Western Armenia. In 1930-1995 it became an administrative center. In 1969 was renamed from Basargeshar to Vardenis. The first general urban plan of Vardenis was made in 1952. The updated plan of the town, including the community lands, was developed by the requirement of the Ministry of Urban Planning of the Republic of Armenia in 2004.

Surb Astvatsatsin church

Vardenis is one of the oldest settlements in Armenia. The town and its vicinities are rich in cultural heritage, there are 568 recorded monuments. The most interesting are Makenats monastery, basilica in Sotk, chapels of Ayrk, Karchaghbyur, as well as numerous other chapels, tombs of 3-1 millenia BC, Cyclopean masonry, khachkars. In the center of Vardenis, there is church of Surb Astvatsatsin (Holy Mary), built in 1905, where Armenian historian Hovhannes Tsaretsi worked. The church is surrounded with numerous khachkars, dating to XIV-XVII AD. All the monuments are in need of proper restoration and conservation.

Population

According to the 2001 census, the population of Vardenis comprises 13.700. 47.42% of the total population are men, 52.57% are women. Deterioration of economic potential, difficult financial situation, high unemployment rates and other problems resulted in decrease of the population. In comparison to 1996, the population has decreased by 2250 people, mainly due to youth migration and consequently, low birth rates.

The population is mainly engaged in agriculture, trade and service.

Sports

• Sipan Vardenis - football club

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Lady Isabella

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Lady Isabella may refer to:

• Lady Isabella Hervey
• Laxey Wheel, nicknamed Lady Isabella

This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

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Growlanser
Developer(s)	Atlus
Publisher(s)	Atlus
Series	Growlanser
Platform(s)	PlayStation PlayStation Portable
Release date(s)	PlayStation JP 1999-11-25 PSP JP 2009-05-14
Genre(s)	TRPG
Mode(s)	Single Player

Growlanser (???????^?) is a TRPG for the PlayStation. It was developed and published in Japan by Atlus in 1999. It is the first installment in the Growlanser series.

Like all Growlanser games, the character art was done by Satoshi Urushihara. The game’s music was done by Noriyuki Iwadare, with the opening theme being performed by Rukan Aru, and the ending theme being performed by Ayumi Ootsu. A direct sequel to the game was released in 2001 under the name Growlanser II: The Sense of Justice.

It was announced on February 6th, 2009, in Famitsu Magazine that Atlus is making an enhanced remake of the game for PSP systems.

Story

Carmaine is a young man living in the capital of the kingdom of Rolandia. Rolandia’s palace magician, Lady Sandra, had taken him in as a young orphan and raised him. He goes off to explore the world, accompanied by a fairy-like homunculus named Tippi.

In this world, magical energy called Growshu, fills the air and people called Growsians can potentially wield magic like in ancient times. Carmaines’s younger sister Louise is one such Growsian. Winged people called Featherians also exist, though they live in seclusion from humans. Long ago though, humans and featherians had to cooperate to save their world.

In Carmaine’s questing, he become an officer for the King. With this job he must carry out missions to help his country. There are mysteries surfacing and trouble brewing as various enemies seek to disturd the land and people.

Links

Official Site (Japanese)
Growlanser Realm (unofficial fansite)

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El Palacio de Hierro

Type	Department store
Founded	1850 as Las Fabricas de Francia, 1891 as El Palacio de Hierro
Headquarters	Mexico City, Mexico
Key people	José María Blanco Alonso, (CEO)
Industry	Retail
Products	clothes, cosmetics, electronics, furniture
Website	www.elpalaciodehierro.com.mx

El Palacio de Hierro (El Palacio de Hierro S.A. de C.V.) (English: The Iron Palace) is an upscale chain of department stores in Mexico.

History

In the 1850s, a clothing store opened in Mexico City called “Las Fábricas de Francia” (The Factories of France) which was owned by Victor Gassier, a Frenchman. In 1860, Gassier teamed up with Alexander Reynaud, forming a business called Gassier & Reynaud.

Inside of an El Palacio de Hierro store

In 1876, José Tron and José Leautaud bought in, forming the association V. Gassier & Reynaud, Sucs. S. en C. In 1879 the business’ formal name was changed to J. Tron y Cía.. However, it continued to trade as “Las Fábricas de Francia”. From here Tron and Leautaud’s endeavor met with considerable success.

In 1879, they began planning to build a department store in Mexico City similar to famous upscale, and high class stores in Paris (Le Bon Marché), New York City (Macy’s), London (Harrods), and Chicago (Marshall Field’s).

In 1888 they bought land to construct their new department store. They hired the french architect George Debrie for the project and construction was to last until 1891.

Tron and Leautaud chose to build a five story building. It was, notably, the first building in Mexico City made of iron and steel. As the first such structure in Mexico, people who passed by often asked “What iron palace are they building?”.

In 1891, when construction finished, Tron and Leautaud decided to rename the business “El Palacio de Hierro”, taking advantage of the publicity they earned during construction.

El Palacio de Hierro store in Mexico City

Nowadays, El Palacio de Hierro is part of Grupo Bal a diversified conglomerate in Mexico with interests in insurance, mining and retail.

Today, Palacio has stores in Mexico City (10 stores, of which 3 are known as Outlets), Monterrey (1 store), and Puebla (1 store), 1 in Guadalajara (the newest) and they have comfirmed two new stores in Santiago de Queretaro and Aguascalientes. Plans for a new store in Guatemala City are currently under planning and construction, making this the first Palacio outside Mexico.

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Joseph Walker McCorkle (June 24, 1819 – March 18, 1884) was a California congressman. He served as representative for the second district (1851-1853).

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Amateur baseball is a form of baseball in which the players either are not paid for playing, or (as in Town Team Baseball) receive only a modest stipend or employment arranged by the team’s boosters. Amateur baseball is played in the United States by players of all ages, from young children to adults.

Varieties of amateur baseball in the United States

Leagues for various skill levels and age groups exist throughout the US. In ascending order of age participation, here are a few examples:

• Youth Baseball, including Little Leagues, Cal Ripken Leagues, and Babe Ruth Leagues, cater to school age and middle-school age children of both genders. Of these, Little League baseball is the most widespread and the Little League World Series in Williamsport, Pennsylvania draws participants from around the world and is televised in the US on ESPN.

• School Baseball is played all over The United States. The middle school program has a 6th - 7th grade team and a 8th grade team. The high school program has a Freshman, Junior Varsity and a Varsity team. The lower classmen could play on the higher level team.

• American Amateur Baseball Congress (AABC) is an amateur baseball organization in the United States for players above junior baseball age. It provides progressive and continuous organized competition from pre-teens to adults. National tournament play is organized by leagues in a manner similar to Major League Baseball, with successful teams advancing to higher levels of tournament play, instead of the “all-star” procedure used by Little League Baseball.

• American Legion Baseball is popular with young high school students up to the age of 19 years old. American Legion also provides regional, state, and national playoffs.

• College baseball, sanctioned by the NCAA and NAIA is also popular. At the highest level, NCAA Division I, over the past two years the College World Series has grossed more than 1.2 million dollars in television ratings and merchandise sales. College baseball players, especially professional prospects, often play in summer “wood bat leagues”, where their lodging and meals are provided by their host team, but no money changes hands.

• Town Team Baseball is another area of broad participation of sports institution in the Upper Midwest, particularly in Minnesota, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota.

• The National Adult Baseball Association (NABA) and the Men’s Sr. Baseball League (MSBL) are the two largest organizations, sponsoring leagues and tournaments for a variety of age groups (e.g. 18+, 28+, 38+, 48+, 55+, etc). Both leagues play regular-season games, playoffs and host tournaments on both a regional and national level. Some of the best known players of all time include Chris Bartzokis, Steve Thomas, Craig Eaton, Steve Sandman and Skippy Sisselman.

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This is a list of lieutenant governors of Mississippi.

Lieutenant Governors

Presidents of the Senate

The Office of Lieutenant Governor was abolished by the Constitution of 1832, and the duties of President of the Senate were incorporated into a separate office.

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Look up stack in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Stack may refer to:

Mathematics

• Stack (descent theory), general category-theoretical concept to formalise “pull-back” operations in geometry and algebra
• Algebraic stack, a generalisation of scheme and algebraic space in algebraic geometry; a specific type of the above

Computers

• Stack (data structure), abstract data type and data structure based on the principle of Last In First Out (LIFO)
• Stacks (software), a folder view on the Dock of Mac OS X
• Stack-based memory allocation

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